Pain that persists for more than three months after an uncomplicated surgery is not normal. The incidence of such chronic post-surgical pain ranges from 10-70%, depending on the surgical procedure. Surgeries that are associated with a higher risk of chronic pain include amputation, hernia repair, coronary artery bypass surgery, thoracic surgery and breast surgery.

Chronic post-surgical pain frequently has a neuropathic component with symptoms such as spontaneous sharp pain, skin hypersensitivity, numbness or burning pain. There may also be sensory loss over the surgical incision.

Some patients may also develop chronic pain after a fracture of the upper or lower limbs, even though the fracture has been fixed surgically. This condition is known as Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). In addition to constant, sharp, burning pain, there may be associated numbness and increased sensitivity to touch. The affected arm or leg may even appear warm and red or cold and blue. Swelling, hair loss or osteoporosis can also occur.

Medications such as anticonvulsants and antidepressants may be useful for chronic post-surgical pain. Physical and occupational therapy play an integral role in CRPS treatment. The aim is to maintain or improve function and mobility of the affected limb. Following adequate analgesia, therapy focuses on range of motion exercises, strengthening, and aerobic conditioning. Pain that is resistant to therapy may respond to nerve blocks, spinal cord stimulation or peripheral nerve field stimulation.